Yiziphi izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwezindlela zokuxhumana ezingenantambo?

Izindlela zokuxhumana ezingenantambo zisetshenziswa kabanzi kumadivayisi afana namamitha amanzi e-ultrasonic, futhi izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwazo kubonakala kakhulu ekuguquguqukeni, izindleko, ukuzinza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, njll. Okulandelayo ukuhlaziywa kwezinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwezindlela zokuxhumana ezingenantambo ezivamile:

I. LoRa (Umsakazo Webanga Elide)

Izinzuzo:

• Ibanga elide lokudlulisa: Kufika kumakhilomitha ayi-1-3 ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kanye namakhilomitha ayi-5-10 ezindaweni zasemadolobheni/ezivulekile, ezifanelekela ukuxhumana kwamadivayisi amakhulu, ahlukaniswe ngokwezinga elithile (njengezinhlelo zamanzi zasemakhaya kanye namanethiwekhi amapayipi asedolobheni).
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi: Isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-spread-spectrum, isebenzisa amandla aphansi kakhulu. Uma inikwe amandla ngamabhethri, impilo yayo yesevisi ingafinyelela eminyakeni emi-5-10, okunciphisa izindleko zokulungisa ukushintshwa kwebhethri njalo.
• Ikhono eliqinile lokulwa nokuphazamiseka: Amakhono okulwa nomsindo kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezindlela eziningi athuthukiswa ngokuxhumana kwe-spread-spectrum, okwenza kube kufanelekile ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimboni.
• Ukusekelwa kwenethiwekhi enkulu: Isango elilodwa lingaxhumanisa izinkulungwane zamadivayisi, okufanelekela ukuthunyelwa okukhulu futhi linezindleko eziphansi zenethiwekhi.

Okubi:

• Izinga lokudlulisa idatha eliphansi: Lingokwezokuxhumana kwe-narrowband, ngesilinganiso esivame ukusuka kumashumi kuya kumakhulu e-kbps, okungafanele ukudlulisa inani elikhulu ledatha yesikhathi sangempela (njengedatha yokuqapha imvamisa ephezulu).
• Ukuthembela ekusetshenzisweni kwesango: Amasango e-LoRa azinikele adinga ukuthunyelwa, okuholela ekutshalweni kwezimali okuphezulu kwemishini yokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbozwa kwesignali kwamasango kuthinteka kakhulu yindawo (njengezakhiwo nezithiyo).

II. I-NB-IoT (I-Narrowband Internet yezinto)

Izinzuzo:

• Ububanzi bokumbozwa okubanzi kakhulu: Ithembele eziteshini zeselula ezisebenzayo, inamandla okumboza aqinile (ingangena ezindongeni nasemapayipini angaphansi komhlaba), ifanele izindawo zasemadolobheni ezinabantu abaningi noma amadivayisi angaphansi komhlaba (njengamamitha amanzi agqitshwe phansi).
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi: Isikhathi sokuphila kwebhethri singafinyelela eminyakeni engu-3-8, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza okuzinzile isikhathi eside.
• Ukusekelwa kokuxhumeka okukhulu: Isiteshi esisodwa sesisekelo singaxhuma amadivayisi ayi-100,000, afanele ukuguqulwa kwemitha yamanzi ehlakaniphile esezingeni elikhulu lasemadolobheni.
• Asikho isidingo sokwakha ingqalasizinda ephethwe nguwe: Sebenzisa inethiwekhi yomqhubi ngqo, wonge izindleko zokufakwa kwesango, futhi ungaxhunywa kunethiwekhi ngokushesha.

Okubi:

• Ukuthembela kumasignali opharetha: Izindawo ezikude noma izindawo ezingaboni amasignali (njengezindlu eziphansi ezijulile) zingase zingakhulumi ngendlela evamile, okudinga ukufakwa okwengeziwe kwemishini yokuthuthukisa amasignali.
• Izimali zethrafikhi zikhona: Kuyadingeka ukukhokha izimali zethrafikhi yedatha kubaqhubi, futhi izindleko zingase ziqongelele ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwesikhathi eside.
• Izinga ledatha elilinganiselwe: Luwubuchwepheshe be-narrowband obunezinga eliphansi (ngokuvamile elingaphansi kwama-200 kbps), obungafaneleki ukudluliswa kwedatha okunemvamisa ephezulu kanye nevolumu enkulu.

III. I-Bluetooth

Izinzuzo:

• Ukufakwa okuguquguqukayo: Akukho ngqalasizinda eyengeziwe edingekayo. Ingaxhumana ngqo namafoni eselula namadivayisi aphathwa ngesandla ngaphakathi kwebanga elifushane (amamitha ayi-10-100), okwenza kube lula ukulungisa amaphutha endaweni kanye nokufunda idatha (njengokufunda amamitha nokufunda idatha endaweni ngama-terminal aphathwa ngesandla).
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi: Kumodi ye-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuphansi kakhulu, okunomthelela omncane empilweni yebhethri yedivayisi.
• Ukuhambisana okuqinile: Cishe zonke iziteshi ezihlakaniphile (omakhalekhukhwini, amaphilisi) zisekela i-Bluetooth, ngaphandle kwesidingo samadivayisi azinikele.

Okubi:

• Ibanga lokudlulisa elifushane: Ukuxhumana okufushane kuphela okuvunyelwe, okungenakuhlangabezana nezidingo zokufunda noma ukuqapha amamitha akude.
• Ukuphepha okuphansi: Kulula ukuphazanyiswa noma ukulalelwa, futhi akufaneleki ukudlulisa idatha ebucayi (njengedatha yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngabasebenzisi).
• Umsebenzi owodwa: Ingakwazi kuphela ukufeza ukuxhumana okufushane okuqondile nokuqondile futhi ayikwazi ukwakha inethiwekhi enkulu.

IV. I-GPRS/4G (Inethiwekhi Yeselula)

Izinzuzo:

• Izinga eliphezulu lokudluliswa kwedatha: Izinga le-4G lingafinyelela ku-100 Mbps, elingadlulisa inani elikhulu ledatha ngesikhathi sangempela (njengokuqapha ukugeleza kwemvamisa ephezulu kwamamitha amanzi ezimbonini).
• Ububanzi bokumbozwa: Ngokusekelwe kunethiwekhi yabasebenzi abavuthiwe, cishe azikho izindawo zokuxhumana ezingaboni (ngaphandle kwezindawo ezikude kakhulu).
• Ukusebenza okuqinile ngesikhathi sangempela: Ukubambezeleka kokudluliselwa kwedatha kuphansi, kufaneleka ezimweni ezinezidingo eziphezulu zesikhathi sangempela (njengokuqapha ukuvuza kanye ne-alamu yokugeleza okungavamile).

Okubi:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu: Imojuli idinga ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sokusebenza, okuholela empilweni yebhethri emfushane (ngokuvamile iminyaka eyi-1-2). Idinga ukunikezwa kwamandla kwangaphandle noma ukushintshwa kwebhethri njalo, kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokulungisa.
• Izindleko eziphezulu: Kudingeka kukhokhwe izimali zephakheji yekhadi le-SIM, futhi izindleko zokusebenzisa isikhathi eside ziphakeme kakhulu kuneze-LoRa/NB-IoT.
• Ukuzinza kwesignali kuthinteka yimvelo: Isignali ingaba buthakathaka ezindaweni ezifana nezindlu zangaphansi kanye namapayipi avaliwe, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni kokudluliswa kwedatha.